{"id":7917,"date":"2014-06-14T16:04:35","date_gmt":"2014-06-14T19:04:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/articles\/others\/xx-snptee"},"modified":"2016-09-27T15:48:40","modified_gmt":"2016-09-27T18:48:40","slug":"circuit-breaker-monitoring-system-of-the-rio-verde-substation-functionality-and-performance-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/circuit-breaker-monitoring-system-of-the-rio-verde-substation-functionality-and-performance-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Circuit Breaker Monitoring System of the Rio Verde Substation &#8211; Functionality and Performance Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\">[vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text]\n<h1><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>The present electric power scenario in Brazil and abroad has led companies in the industry to operate in a highly competitive context, forcing those companies to constantly strive for better efficiency, higher quality supply and lower costs. Following this general trend, there has been a migration from preventive\u00a0 to predictive maintenance, which is only possible through online monitoring systems.<\/p>\n<p>In these circumstances, circuit breakers, the equipment responsible for electric\u00a0 triggering of transmission lines, transformers, reactors and other equipment in substations are also being monitored.<\/p>\n<p>The circuit breaker monitoring system allows, either locally or remotely, and in real time, providing accurate information to maintenance personnel about circuit breaker status, as well as minimizing failure risks and maintenance costs.<\/p>\n<p>A practical analysis of the system performance is reported in this paper, which explains diagnosis types, their goals and the types of failures they can prevent, as well as how they can help to diagnose the cause of sudden failure in case it occurs. Therefore, future preventive measures can be used. Following this reasoning, monitoring can show a new range of approaches to problems which were unknown before, or were taxonomically treated as the same type of failure.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\" style=\"height:10px;\"><\/div>[vc_accordion][vc_accordion_tab title=&#8221;Authors&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<table class=\" alignleft\" style=\"color: #7e7c7c; height: 121px;\" width=\"443\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td_item\" style=\"font-weight: bold; text-align: left;\">Furnas Centrais El\u00e9tricas<\/td>\n<td>Fernando Alves Ribeiro<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td_item\" style=\"font-weight: bold; text-align: left;\">Treetech Sistemas Digitais Ltda.<\/td>\n<td>Marcos E. G. Alves<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td_item\" style=\"font-weight: bold; text-align: left;\">Treetech Sistemas Digitais Ltda.<\/td>\n<td>Daniel\u00a0C. P. Ara\u00fajo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][\/vc_accordion][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;5095&#8243; img_size=&#8221;thumbnail&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div><style>.vcex-button.vcex_69da0b2b8be94{background:#b2b2b2;color:#ffffff!important;}.vcex-button.vcex_69da0b2b8be94:hover{background:#008242!important;}<\/style><div class=\"theme-button-wrap textcenter theme-button-block-wrap wpex-block wpex-clear wpex-clr\"><a href=\"http:\/\/treetech.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/XXISNPTEE_Furnas_DisjuntoresRioVerde_2011_eng.pdf\" class=\"vcex-button theme-button flat grey medium align-center block vcex_69da0b2b8be94\" title=\"Download Artigo\"><span class=\"vcex-button-inner theme-button-inner wpex-flex wpex-flex-wrap wpex-items-center wpex-justify-center\"><span class=\"vcex-button-icon vcex-icon-wrap theme-button-icon-left\"><span class=\"wpex-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M64 464l48 0 0 48-48 0c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64L0 64C0 28.7 28.7 0 64 0L229.5 0c17 0 33.3 6.7 45.3 18.7l90.5 90.5c12 12 18.7 28.3 18.7 45.3L384 304l-48 0 0-144-80 0c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32l0-80L64 48c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 384c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16zM176 352l32 0c30.9 0 56 25.1 56 56s-25.1 56-56 56l-16 0 0 32c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16l0-48 0-80c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16zm32 80c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24s-10.7-24-24-24l-16 0 0 48 16 0zm96-80l32 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 64c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48l-32 0c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16l0-128c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16zm32 128c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-64c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-16 0 0 96 16 0zm80-112c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16l48 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16l-32 0 0 32 32 0c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16l-32 0 0 48c0 8.8-7.2 16-16 16s-16-7.2-16-16l0-64 0-64z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span>Download<span class=\"vcex-button-icon vcex-icon-wrap theme-button-icon-right\"><span class=\"wpex-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M288 32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32s-32 14.3-32 32V274.7l-73.4-73.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3l128 128c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L288 274.7V32zM64 352c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v32c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V416c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H346.5l-45.3 45.3c-25 25-65.5 25-90.5 0L165.5 352H64zm368 56a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div> [\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_text_separator title=&#8221;1.0 &#8211; INTRODUCTION&#8221; element_type=&#8221;div&#8221; span_color=&#8221;#008842&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]For a long time, equipment integrity at the substations and plants depended on preventive maintenance. Currently energy companies and industries coexist with reduced maintenance engineering teams, and it becomes necessary to develop tools to aid in the decision-making process for an accurate intervention.<\/p>\n<p>One of these tools is the implementation of a predictive maintenance program in high voltage equipment based on these equipments&#8217; operating condition (1). In this paradigm, circuit breakers are very important, since they are responsible for the safety of the electrical system if a failure occurs. In addition to that, they are important as maneuvering devices.<\/p>\n<p>The currently adopted maintenance practices are based on fixed time intervals or on the number of performed maneuvers, indicated through the operation counters (2) . Maintenance, formerly based in time, now takes into consideration the equipment status. The emergence of systems that allow the organization, storage, visualization and interpretation of data which are important for maintenance made this paradigm shift possible. These systems allow safe equipment operation and provide the necessary elements for the current maintenance demands based on status.<\/p>\n<p>Table 1 provides a brief comparison between maintenance philosophies based on time and status.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span id=\"tablepress-106-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-106\">Comparison between monitoring philosophies<\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-106\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-106\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-106-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\"><strong>Time Maintenance<\/strong><\/th><th class=\"column-2\"><strong>Status maintenance<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">It requires preliminary equipment maintenance to verify the circuit breaker status.<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Main online circuit breaker status indicators.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Possible unnecessary testing.<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Accurate intervention. Maintenance acts only where really necessary.<br \/>\nIt prevents insertion of new failures.<br \/>\nCost reduction and elimination of unnecessary downtime.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Possibility of maintenance only when the equipment is already deteriorated.<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">The circuit breaker does not cease to be serviced when needed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Easy maintenance planning.<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">It assists in planning and maintenance procedures, aggregating value to the performance, reliability and failure analyses.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Time-honored technique.<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">It provides increased reliability and safety of the electrical system.<br \/>\nIt allows anticipation or prevention of the reconfiguration of the electric power system.<br \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">It does not fully benefit from the asset potential.<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">With proper maintenance equipment service life has more chances to be longer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-106 from cache -->\n[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]Just as an example, some signals that can be monitored to detect malfunction of circuit breaker components, such as opening and closing times, SF6 gas pressure, pump operation time, were cited in the literature \u00a0(3). By analyzing these signals and comparing the range of values specified by the manufacturers, one can detect incipient faults in the circuit breaker and classify them as mechanical, located at the main electric circuit or control and auxiliary circuit.<\/p>\n<p>This is the idea behind the diagnostic system based on rules.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_text_separator title=&#8221;2.0 &#8211; THE CIRCUIT BREAKER &#8211; OPERATION AND FAILURE MODES&#8221; element_type=&#8221;div&#8221; span_color=&#8221;#008842&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_text_separator title=&#8221;2.1 &#8211; A brief description of the circuit breaker mode of operation&#8221; element_type=&#8221;div&#8221; span_color=&#8221;#008842&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]Circuit breakers are electrical switching devices which should be able to conduct, stop and establish currents from the electric power grids, including high fault current (short circuit) \u00a0(4) .<\/p>\n<p>They consist of interrupting units, also called extinction chambers, which is where the voltaic arc created during the current interruption, and can be of various technologies. They have an operating or driving system which is the subset consisting of components that allow us to store the energy needed for the circuit breaker mechanical operation, as well as the release of energy through appropriate mechanisms, when a command is sent to open and close it; and last, but not least, they are a command unit, made of the circuit breaker command, control and supervision elements.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_text_separator title=&#8221;2.2 &#8211; Known circuit breaker failure modes&#8221; element_type=&#8221;div&#8221; span_color=&#8221;#008842&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]With the purpose of identifying the most common causes of failures in circuit breakers, some research was conducted by CIGRE \u00a0(5) . At first, it was conducted between the years 1974 and 1977 using a database from observations of 20,000 circuit breakers with a voltage above 63 kV.<\/p>\n<p>The results of this survey showed that 70% of the most frequent failures in circuit breakers are caused by mechanical factors, 19% are connected to control and auxiliary circuits and 11% are due to main circuit electric factors.<\/p>\n<p>The summary results of the second survey conducted by CIGRE in the period from 1988 to 1991 at 18,000 SF6 circuit breakers for voltages above 63 kV are presented in Table 2, published in the IEEE Std.C37.10 IEEE-1995 guide \u00a0(6) and transcribed here.<\/p>\n<p>It is a procedure to investigate diagnoses and failures in circuit breakers, giving an overview of the components in the circuit breakers which are frequently responsible for failures.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span id=\"tablepress-107-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-107\">Statistics of circuit breaker failure causes  (6)<\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-107\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-107\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-107-description\">\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Operating Mechanisms<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><strong>43-44%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hydraulics, pumps, compressors and related<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">13,6-18,7%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Accumulators<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">7,2-7,6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Control Elements<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">9,3-11,6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Actuators, damping devices<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5,1-8,9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Mechanical transmission<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1,4-3,8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>High-voltage components<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><strong>21-31%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Switches<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">9,4-14%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Auxiliary switches and resistors<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0,6-1,3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Isolation<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5,7-20,9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Control and auxiliary circuits<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><strong>20-29%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Closing and opening circuits<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1,5-10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Auxiliary contacts<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">2,1-7,4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Contactors, heaters and related<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">5,4-7,6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-15\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">SF6 gas density monitors<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">4,0-10,7%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-16\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Other Causes<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><strong>5,4-6,8%<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-107 from cache -->\n[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]The results obtained in this research allows us to conclude that most circuit breaker failures are associated to the components of the circuit breaker operating mechanism; the second most frequent cause are high-voltage components and the third most frequent cause is connected to control circuits \u00a0(7) .<\/p>\n<p>The goal of online monitoringn is to prevent issues arising from points listed in Table 2 .[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_text_separator title=&#8221;3.0 &#8211; BASIC SPECIFICATION OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER MONITORING SYSTEM ADOPTED AT THE RIO VERDE SUBSTATION.&#8221; element_type=&#8221;h2&#8243; span_background=&#8221;#008242&#8243; span_color=&#8221;#008242&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]The Circuit Breaker Monitoring System installed in the Rio Verde Substation is a tool for engineering maintenance that acquires, stores and processes measurements taken from the monitored equipment, generating diagnosis and prognosis of potential problems that could lead to interruptions in electricity supply \u00a0(8).<\/p>\n<p>Among the many findings of this monitoring system, we cite those considered most important in this project:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rapid diagnosis of the current state of the equipment in order to provide input for decision-making regarding the operation or not of the circuit breaker, thus helping to preserve not only the circuit breaker but also the equipment it is powering.<\/li>\n<li>The early prognosis of fault conditions before their operation, in order to increase system availability and allow equipment downtime only when needed for corrective action or not include it in the system to prevent damaging it.<\/li>\n<li>Monitoring equipment operating conditions along its whole life so that equipment is available for operation, in addition to controlling equipment at the end of its service life.<\/li>\n<li>Quick access to status information from the equipment through the Furnas intranet thus facilitating the access to all information on the equipment.<\/li>\n<li>Possibility of integration with other corporate monitoring and maintenance management equipment.<\/li>\n<li>Integration of maintenance management and cost reduction.<\/li>\n<li>Monitoring of several types of circuit breakers.<\/li>\n<li>Investment management and insurance premium negotiation.<\/li>\n<li>Corporate image preservation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_text_separator title=&#8221;3.1 &#8211; Monitoring System Architecture&#8221; element_type=&#8221;div&#8221; span_background=&#8221;#008242&#8243; span_color=&#8221;#008242&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]The architecture of the sensor network is shown in Figure 1 :[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_single_image image=&#8221;7916&#8243; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;][vc_column_text]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figure 1 : Circuit breaker monitoring system architecture at the Rio Verde substation \u00a0(8)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]The main variables collected by the monitoring system sensors are Table 3 :[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span id=\"tablepress-109-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-109\">Key variables obtained by the monitoring system  (8)<\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-109\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-109\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-109-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\"><strong>Continuous Acquisition Variables<\/strong><\/th><th class=\"column-2\"><strong>Acquisition Variables Triggered by Maneuver<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">SF6 gas Density and Pressure <\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Main contact movement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ambient temperature<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Interrupted current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Continuity of opening and closing coils<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Operating Times<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Position of the auxiliary circuit breaker contacts<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Operation number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Number of motor starts <\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">System self-diagnosis<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">AC and DC voltages<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Sensor supervision<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-109 from cache -->\n[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]As can be seen in Figure 1, the entire system, to be functional, requires successive stages in the acquisition of the data so that they can be used in monitoring rules.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Step 1: Field sensing is responsible for acquiring all variables in the circuit breaker monitoring system, during opening and closing operations, spring loading, motor and variables that may be obtained without the operation, for instance, SF<sub>6<\/sub> gas pressure.<\/li>\n<li>Step 2: The data obtained are transferred to the software located on the monitoring server where all calculations are made so that this information is displayed to the user. All these data are recorded in SQL Server installed in the monitoring server after this step.<\/li>\n<li>Step 3: This OLM Explorer SQL Server database is read by the circuit breaker monitoring system, each time a new record is included, thus making all comparisons and calculations needed so the result of monitoring rules is displayed to the users.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>After this step, if an alarm is detected, the information will be displayed on the monitoring system website and an e-mail alert will be received by the maintenance team.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_text_separator title=&#8221;4.0 &#8211; THE RULE SYSTEM: TURNING INFORMATION INTO DIAGNOSES&#8221; element_type=&#8221;div&#8221; span_color=&#8221;#008842&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]The rule system encoded into the monitoring software allows information obtained by the sensors to be transmitted into automatic diagnoses, indicating the kind of problem to the maintenance team, as well as its severity and the maximum time for intervention, if this situation applies.<\/p>\n<p>In Table 4 : Main diagnostic rules used by the monitoring system \u00a0(8) , the the diagnostic rules and their main function are displayed:[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span id=\"tablepress-108-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-108\">Main diagnostic rules used by the monitoring system  (8)<\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-108\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-108\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-108-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\"><strong>Rule name<\/strong><\/th><th class=\"column-2\"><strong>Description of Operation \/ Actuation condition<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Current in the Motor<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to become true it is necessary that the motor current, after the closing operation and the spring loading, exceeds the limits, high or very high, low or very low. If it is high or very high the Diagnostic will be actuated that informs that the current is off the established limits, just as it happens when the value exceeds the low or very low limits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Interrupted current<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the erosion rate at the contacts is above 70% or their service life is below the 30% as specified by the circuit breaker manufacturer. To make this possible, the current sum calculation is done at each circuit breaker operation. If this sum exceeds the described limits at the moment the alarm goes off, a trend on how many operations the circuit breaker will reach 100% of contact life will be calculated. When 100% of contact life is reached, the second diagnostic level is informed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Current in the opening or closing coil.<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the current at the opening or closing coil at the moment of the operation falls outside the specified limits. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Nominal system current during closing.<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the system nominal current is above the limits set in the closing operation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>SF6 gas density<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that there is SF6 density loss at the circuit breaker chamber. This diagnosis comprises 3 alarm levels. For the trend level, the system performs a calculation with the variables of current density and loss of SF6 daily average density, then a trend in days to reach the first stage of SF6 alarm level is achieved. After reaching this stage, if the leak is still present, the system continues performing the same calculation with trends in days to reach the second level.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Opening and closing time difference between phases<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that at the opening or closing operation moment the operation time between phases exceeds the specified limits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>1 and 2 Opening Coil Oversight<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">This rule applies when the opening coil is interrupted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Closing Coil Oversight.<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">This rule applies when the closing coil is interrupted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Circuit breaker control panel temperature<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the circuit breaker control panel temperature exceeds the established limits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Opening Time Correlated with Opening Speed and DC Voltage <\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the time at the opening operation moment is different from the established limits, this variable being inversely proportional to the circuit breaker opening speed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Opening Time Correlated with DC voltage<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the time at moment of opening operation is different from the established limits, and this variable needs to be inversely proportional to the correlated variable (DC Voltage) of the circuit breaker.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Long Opening time and Short Closing Time<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the Opening time, during its operation, is longer than the established limits, together with the closing time, in its operation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Long Opening time and Short Closing Time<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the Closing time, during its operation, is longer than the established limits, together with the opening time, in its operation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-15\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Spring Loading Time <\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that the spring loading time at the moment of the closing operation is longer than the specified limits, and its correlated variable (AC voltage) is inversely proportional to its actuation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-16\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Arc Extinction Time<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">This rule applies at the opening time, when it is out the specified limits, and this allows to identify when there is a problem with the chamber, or on the main arc contacts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-17\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Auxiliary AC Voltage<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">This rule applies when the level of AC auxiliary voltage is out of the established limits. It may apply without operation in the circuit breaker, and it is extremely important for other rules, as its correlation is mentioned above.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-18\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Opening and Closing Speed<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">For this rule to apply it is necessary that at the opening or closing operation moment the speed value exceeds the specified limits. This variable is used to create correlation for other rules<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-108 from cache -->\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]The system issues several kinds of diagnoses according to the operating conditions of each one of these rules. The diagnosis can be recognized by the user, releasing the rule operation condition.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;5.0 &#8211; CONCLUSIONS&#8221; element_type=&#8221;div&#8221; span_color=&#8221;#008842&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]Based on the technique proposed here, a procedure can be developed for circuit breaker status diagnosis and follow-up through monitoring several variables relevant to its diagnosis.<\/p>\n<p>The use of the diagnostic rule system associated with signal monitoring makes it possible to have a circuit breaker failure diagnostic system, which can work as an auxiliary tool for the maintenance team in preventing future failures.<\/p>\n<p>The circuit breaker monitoring system based on diagnostic rules installed in the Rio Verde substation has the interesting characteristic of fast interpretation of the obtained data and diagnosis issuance.<\/p>\n<p>The system is installed and operating since January 2010. 2010.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;6.0 &#8211; REFERENCES&#8221; element_type=&#8221;div&#8221; span_color=&#8221;#008842&#8243;]<div class=\"vcex-spacing wpex-w-100 wpex-clear\"><\/div>[vc_column_text]\n<ol>\n<li><strong>YAMAGIWA, T. et al.<\/strong> Development of Preventive Maintenance System for Highly Reliable Gas Insulated Switchgear. <em>IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. <\/em>1991, Vol. 6, 2, pp. 840-848.<\/li>\n<li><strong>MCLLOROY, C. et al.<\/strong> Circuit Breaker Condition Based Monitoring Developments. <em>IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. <\/em>1994.<\/li>\n<li><strong>GOTO, K. et al.<\/strong> On-Line Monitoring and Diagnosis of Gas Circuit Breakers. <em>IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. <\/em>01 de 1989, Vol. 4, 1, pp. 375-381.<\/li>\n<li><strong>MILACH, M.<\/strong> <em>Manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de Disjuntores de Alta Tens\u00e3o. <\/em>1993.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Janssen, A. L. J. et al.<\/strong> <em>Sumary of CIGRE\u00b4 13.06 Working Group World Wide Reliability Data and maintenance Cost Data on High Voltage Circuit Breakers Above 63 kV. <\/em>s.l.\u00a0: IEEE, 1994.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IEEE.<\/strong> Std C37.10-1995. <em>IEEE Guide for Diagnostics and Failure Investigation of Power Circuit Breakers. <\/em>1995.<\/li>\n<li><em>Metodologia de desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Monitoramento e Diagn\u00f3stico de Disjuntores a SF6. <\/em><strong>Filho, Jos\u00e9 Eduardo N. S., Aguiar, Marcos A. e Jr, Pyramo P. Costa.<\/strong> Belo Horizonte\u00a0: Anais do XVII Sendi, 2006.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Treetech Sistemas Digitais Ltda.<\/strong> <em>Manual do Sistema Sigma &#8211; SE Rio Verde &#8211; Furnas. <\/em>Atibaia\u00a0: s.n., 2010.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text] Abstract The present electric power scenario in Brazil and abroad has led companies in the industry to operate in a highly competitive context, forcing those companies to constantly strive for better efficiency, higher quality supply and lower costs. Following this general trend, there has been a migration from preventive\u00a0 to predictive maintenance, which&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5381,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-transmission","entry","has-media"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7917","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7917"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7917\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7917"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7917"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/treetech.com.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7917"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}